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2022-2026 Technician Class
Questions & Answers

NAVIGATION WINDOW

SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions


T1A – Purpose and permissible use of the Amateur Radio Service; Operator/primary station license grant; Meanings of basic terms used in FCC rules; Interference; RACES rules; Phonetics; Frequency Coordinator

T1B – Frequency allocations; Emission modes; Spectrum sharing; Transmissions near band edges; Contacting the International Space Station; Power output


T1C – Licensing: classes, sequential and vanity call sign systems, places where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC, name and address on FCC license database, term, renewal, grace period, maintaining mailing address; International communications


T1D – Authorized and prohibited transmissions: communications with other countries, music, exchange of information with other services, indecent language, compensation for operating, retransmission of other amateur signals, encryption, sale of equipment, unidentified transmissions, one-way transmission


T1E – Control operator: eligibility, designating, privileges, duties, location, required; Control point; Control types: automatic, remote


T1F – Station identification; Repeaters; Third party communications; Club stations; FCC inspection

SUB ELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1A – Purpose and permissible use of the Amateur Radio Service; Operator/primary station license grant; Meanings of basic terms used in FCC rules; Interference; RACES rules; Phonetics; Frequency Coordinator


T1A01 [97.1]
Which of the following is part of the Basis and Purpose of the Amateur Radio Service?

A. Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible
B. Providing communications for international non-profit organizations
C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art
D. All these choices are correct

The correct answer to the question is:

C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art


T1A02 [97.1]
Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?

A. FEMA
B. Homeland Security
C. The FCC
D. All these choices are correct

C. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

The FCC is responsible for regulating and overseeing the rules and regulations related to the Amateur Radio Service in the United States.


T1A03 [97.119(b)(2)]
What do the FCC rules state regarding the use of a phonetic alphabet for station identification in the Amateur Radio Service?

A. It is required when transmitting emergency messages
B. It is encouraged
C. It is required when in contact with foreign stations
D. All these choices are correct

B. It is encouraged

While it is not required by the FCC rules, using a phonetic alphabet for station identification is strongly encouraged in the Amateur Radio Service to ensure clear and accurate communication.


T1A04 [97.5(b)(1)]
How many operator/primary station license grants may be held by any one person?

A. One
B. No more than two
C. One for each band on which the person plans to operate
D. One for each permanent station location from which the person plans to operate

According to FCC rules, the number of operator/primary station license grants that may be held by any one person is:

A. One

Each person is generally limited to holding one operator/primary station license grant.


T1A05 [97.7]
What proves that the FCC has issued an operator/primary license grant?

A. A printed copy of the certificate of successful completion of examination
B. An email notification from the NCVEC granting the license
C. The license appears in the FCC ULS database
D. All these choices are correct

The proof that the FCC has issued an operator/primary license grant is:

C. The license appears in the FCC ULS database

When the license appears in the FCC Universal Licensing System (ULS) database, it serves as the official confirmation that the FCC has issued the license grant.


T1A06 [97.3(a)(9)]
What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a beacon?

A. A government transmitter marking the amateur radio band edges
B. A bulletin sent by the FCC to announce a national emergency
C. A continuous transmission of weather information authorized in the amateur bands by the National Weather Service
D. An amateur station transmitting communications for the purposes of observing propagation or related experimental activities

The FCC Part 97 definition of a beacon is:

D. An amateur station transmitting communications for the purposes of observing propagation or related experimental activities

Beacons are used by amateur radio operators to observe propagation or conduct related experimental activities in the amateur bands.


T1A07 [97.3(a)(41)]
What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a space station?

A. Any satellite orbiting Earth
B. A manned satellite orbiting Earth
C. An amateur station located more than 50 km above Earth’s surface
D. An amateur station using amateur radio satellites for relay of signals

The FCC Part 97 definition of a space station is:

D. An amateur station using amateur radio satellites for relay of signals

In amateur radio, a space station refers to an amateur station that utilizes amateur radio satellites for the relay of signals.


T1A08 [97.3(a)(22)]
Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations?

A. Frequency Spectrum Manager appointed by the FCC
B. Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs
C. FCC Regional Field Office
D. International Telecommunication Union

The entity that recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations is:

B. Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs

Volunteer Frequency Coordinators, who are recognized by local amateur radio communities, play a crucial role in recommending transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations.


T1A09 [97.3(a)(22)]
Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?

A. The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy
B. The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Coordinators
C. Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations
D. FCC Regional Field Office

The entity that selects a Frequency Coordinator is:

C. Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations

Amateur operators in a local or regional area, whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations, are the ones who select a Frequency Coordinator for their area.


T1A10 [97.3(a)(38), 97.407]
What is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES)?

A. A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense communications
B. A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications
C. An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization
D. All these choices are correct

The Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES) is defined as:

D. All these choices are correct


T1A11 [97.101 (d)]
When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations permitted?

A. To stop another amateur station that is breaking the FCC rules
B. At no time
C. When making short test transmissions
D. At any time, stations in the Amateur Radio Service are not protected from willful interference

The correct answer regarding when willful interference to other amateur radio stations is permitted is:

B. At no time

Willful interference to other amateur radio stations is not permitted at any time. It is important for amateur radio operators to conduct themselves ethically and follow the rules and regulations set by the FCC to ensure fair and respectful communication within the Amateur Radio Service.

General Q&A

SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1B – Frequency allocations; Emission modes; Spectrum sharing; Transmissions near band edges; Contacting the International Space Station; Power output


T1B01 [97.301 (e)]
Which of the following frequency ranges are available for phone operation by Technician licensees?

A. 28.050 MHz to 28.150 MHz
B. 28.100 MHz to 28.300 MHz
C. 28.300 MHz to 28.500 MHz
D. 28.500 MHz to 28.600 MHz

Technician licensees have limited frequency privileges for phone operation according to the FCC rules. The correct answer to the question is:

C. 28.300 MHz to 28.500 MHz

This frequency range is available for phone operation by Technician licensees.


T1B02 [97.301, 97.207(c)]
Which amateurs may contact the International Space Station (ISS) on VHF bands?

A. Any amateur holding a General class or higher license
B. Any amateur holding a Technician class or higher license
C. Any amateur holding a General class or higher license who has applied for and received approval from NASA
D. Any amateur holding a Technician class or higher license who has applied for and received approval from NASA

To contact the International Space Station (ISS) on VHF bands, the following applies:

B. Any amateur holding a Technician class or higher license

Amateurs holding a Technician class license or higher are allowed to contact the ISS on VHF bands without needing NASA approval.


T1B03 [97.301(a)]
Which frequency is in the 6 meter amateur band?

A. 49.00 MHz
B. 52.525 MHz
C. 28.50 MHz
D. 222.15 MHz

The frequency that is in the 6 meter amateur band is:

B. 52.525 MHz

The 6 meter amateur band includes frequencies around 50 MHz, and 52.525 MHz falls within this range.


T1B04 [97.301(a)]
Which amateur band includes 146.52 MHz?

A. 6 meters
B. 20 meters
C. 70 centimeters
D. 2 meters

The amateur band that includes 146.52 MHz is:

D. 2 meters


T1B05 [97.305(c)]
How may amateurs use the 219 to 220 MHz segment of 1.25 meter band?

A. Spread spectrum only
B. Fast-scan television only
C. Emergency traffic only
D. Fixed digital message forwarding systems only

Amateurs can use the 219 to 220 MHz segment of the 1.25 meter band for:

D. Fixed digital message forwarding systems only


T1B06 [97.301(e), 97.305]
On which HF bands does a Technician class operator have phone privileges?

A. None
B. 10 meter band only
C. 80 meter, 40 meter, 15 meter, and 10 meter bands
D. 30 meter band only

A Technician class operator has phone privileges on the following HF bands:

B. 10 meter band only


T1B07 [97.305(a), (c)]
Which of the following VHF/UHF band segments are limited to CW only?

A. 50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz
B. 219 MHz to 220 MHz and 420.0 MHz to 420.1 MHz
C. 902.0 MHz to 902.1 MHz
D. All these choices are correct

The VHF/UHF band segments limited to CW only are:

  • A. 50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz

T1B08 [97.303]
How are US amateurs restricted in segments of bands where the Amateur Radio Service is secondary?

A. U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those segments, and must avoid interfering with them
B. U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those segments
C. International communications are not permitted in those segments
D. Digital transmissions are not permitted in those segments

In segments of bands where the Amateur Radio Service is secondary, US amateurs are restricted as follows:

  • A. U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those segments, and must avoid interfering with them

T1B09 [97.101(a), 97.301(a-e)]
Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band?

A. To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display
B. So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge
C. To allow for transmitter frequency drift
D. All these choices are correct

Setting your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band is not recommended for the following reasons:


T1B10 [97.305(c)]
Where may SSB phone be used in amateur bands above 50 MHz?

A. Only in sub-bands allocated to General class or higher licensees
B. Only on repeaters
C. In at least some segment of all these bands
D. On any band if the power is limited to 25 watts

In amateur bands above 50 MHz, SSB phone can be used in the following manner:

  • C. In at least some segment of all these bands

T1B11 [97.313]
What is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators in their HF band segments?

A. 200 watts
B. 100 watts
C. 50 watts
D. 10 watts

The maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators in their HF band segments is:

  • A. 200 watts

T1B12 [97.313(b)]
Except for some specific restrictions, what is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz?

A. 50 watts
B. 100 watts
C. 500 watts
D. 1500 watts

The maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz, except for some specific restrictions, is:

  • D. 1500 watts
SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1C – Licensing: classes, sequential and vanity call sign systems, places where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC, name and address on FCC license database, term, renewal, grace period, maintaining mailing address; International communications


T1C01 [97.9(a), 97.17(a)]
For which license classes are new licenses currently available from the FCC?

A. Novice, Technician, General, Amateur Extra
B. Technician, Technician Plus, General, Amateur Extra
C. Novice, Technician Plus, General, Advanced
D. Technician, General, Amateur Extra

For new licenses currently available from the FCC, they are offered for the following license classes:

  • D. Technician, General, Amateur Extra

T1C02 [97.19]
Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?

A. Only a licensed amateur with a General or Amateur Extra Class license
B. Only a licensed amateur with an Amateur Extra Class license
C. Only a licensed amateur who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 years
D. Any licensed amateur

The following information pertains to selecting a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules:

  • D. Any licensed amateur

T1C03 [97.117]
What types of international communications are an FCC-licensed amateur radio station permitted to make?

A. Communications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character
B. Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal nature
C. Only communications incidental to contest exchanges; all other communications are prohibited
D. Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast station

The types of international communications that an FCC-licensed amateur radio station is permitted to make include:

  • A. Communications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character

T1C04 [97.23]
What may happen if the FCC is unable to reach you by email?

A. Fine and suspension of operator license
B. Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license
C. Revocation of access to the license record in the FCC system
D. Nothing; there is no such requirement

If the FCC is unable to reach you by email, the following consequences may occur:

  • B. Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license

T1C05

Which of the following is a valid Technician class call sign format?

A. KF1XXX
B. KA1X
C. W1XX
D. All these choices are correct

A valid Technician class call sign format is:

  • A. KF1XXX

T1C06 [97.5(a)(2)]
From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station transmit?

A. From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunication Union
B. From within any country that is a member of the United Nations
C. From anywhere within International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regions 2 and 3
D. From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or registered in the United States

From the following locations, an FCC-licensed amateur station may transmit:


T1C07 [97.23]
Which of the following can result in revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license?

A. Failure to inform the FCC of any changes in the amateur station following performance of an RF safety environmental evaluation
B. Failure to provide and maintain a correct email address with the FCC
C. Failure to obtain FCC type acceptance prior to using a home-built transmitter
D. Failure to have a copy of your license available at your station

Failure to provide and maintain a correct email address with the FCC can result in:

  • B. Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license

T1C08 [97.25]
What is the normal term for an FCC-issued amateur radio license?

A. Five years
B. Life
C. Ten years
D. Eight years

The normal term for an FCC-issued amateur radio license is:

  • C. Ten years

T1C09 [97.21(a)(b)]
What is the grace period for renewal if an amateur license expires?

A. Two years
B. Three years
C. Five years
D. Ten years

The grace period for renewal if an amateur license expires is:

  • A. Two years

T1C10 [97.5a]
How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you transmit on the amateur radio bands?

A. Immediately on receiving your Certificate of Successful Completion of Examination (CSCE)
B. As soon as your operator/station license grant appears on the ARRL website
C. As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s license database
D. As soon as you receive your license in the mail from the FCC

After passing the examination for your first amateur radio license, you may transmit on the amateur radio bands:

  • C. As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s license database

T1C11 [97.21(b)]
If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to transmit on the amateur radio bands?

A. Yes, for up to two years
B. Yes, as soon as you apply for renewal
C. Yes, for up to one year
D. No, you must wait until the license has been renewed

If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, you may continue to transmit on the amateur radio bands:

  • D. No, you must wait until the license has been renewed
SUBELEMENT T1D – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1D – Authorized and prohibited transmissions: communications with other countries, music, exchange of information with other services, indecent language, compensation for operating, retransmission of other amateur signals, encryption, sale of equipment, unidentified transmissions, one-way transmission.


T1D01 [97.111(a)(1)]
With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations prohibited from exchanging communications?

A. Any country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications
B. Any country whose administration has notified the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) that it objects to such communications
C. Any country banned from such communications by the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU)
D. Any country banned from making such communications by the American Radio Relay League (ARRL)

FCC-licensed amateur radio stations are prohibited from exchanging communications with:

  • A. Any country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications

T1D02 [97.113(b), 97.111(b)]
Under which of the following circumstances are one-way transmissions by an amateur station prohibited?

A. In all circumstances
B. Broadcasting
C. International Morse Code Practice
D. Telecommand or transmissions of telemetry

One-way transmissions by an amateur station are prohibited under the following circumstance:

  • B. Broadcasting

T1D03 [97.211(b), 97.215(b), 97.113(a)(4)]
When is it permissible to transmit messages encoded to obscure their meaning?

A. Only during contests
B. Only when transmitting certain approved digital codes
C. Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft
D. Never

It is permissible to transmit messages encoded to obscure their meaning:

  • C. Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft

T1D04 [97.113(a)(4), 97.113(c)]
Under what conditions is an amateur station authorized to transmit music using a phone emission?

A. When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications
B. When the music produces no spurious emissions
C. When transmissions are limited to less than three minutes per hour
D. When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz

An amateur station is authorized to transmit music using a phone emission under the following condition:


T1D05 [97.113(a)(3)(ii)]
When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?

A. Never
B. When the equipment is not the personal property of either the station licensee, or the control operator, or their close relatives
C. When no profit is made on the sale
D. When selling amateur radio equipment and not on a regular basis

Amateur radio operators may use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade:

  • D. When selling amateur radio equipment and not on a regular basis

T1D06 [97.113(a)(4)]
What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene?

A. The FCC maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies
B. Any such language is prohibited
C. The ITU maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies
D. There is no such prohibition

The restrictions concerning the transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene are:

  • B. Any such language is prohibited

T1D07 [97.113(d)]
What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations?

A. Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations
B. Earth, repeater, or space stations
C. Beacon, repeater, or space stations
D. Repeater, auxiliary, or space stations

Amateur stations that can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations are:


T1D08 [97.113(a)(3)(iii)]
In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating that station?

A. When the communication is related to the sale of amateur equipment by the control operator’s employer
B. When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at an educational institution
C. When the communication is made to obtain emergency information for a local broadcast station
D. All these choices are correct

The circumstances in which the control operator of an amateur station may receive compensation for operating that station are:


T1D09 [97.113(5)(b)]
When may amateur stations transmit information in support of broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available?

A. When such communications are directly related to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property
B. When broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle
C. Where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network
D. Never

Amateur stations may transmit information in support of broadcasting, program production, or news gathering when:

  • A. When such communications are directly related to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property

This is allowed assuming no other means of communication are available.


T1D10 [97.3(a)(10)]
How does the FCC define broadcasting for the Amateur Radio Service?

A. Two-way transmissions by amateur stations
B. Any transmission made by the licensed station
C. Transmission of messages directed only to amateur operators
D. Transmissions intended for reception by the general public

The FCC defines broadcasting for the Amateur Radio Service as:

  • D. Transmissions intended for reception by the general public

This definition distinguishes amateur radio from broadcasting, which is intended for the general public.


T1D11 [97.119(a)]
When may an amateur station transmit without identifying on the air?

A. When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustments
B. When the transmissions are unmodulated
C. When the transmitted power level is below 1 watt
D. When transmitting signals to control model craft

An amateur station may transmit without identifying on the air when:

This exception allows for the control of model craft without the need for identification during the transmission.

SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1E – Control operator: eligibility, designating, privileges, duties, location, required; Control point; Control types: automatic, remote


T1E01 [97.7(a)]
When may an amateur station transmit without a control operator?

A. When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater
B. When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station
C. When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station
D. Never

The correct answer is D. Never. An amateur station should never transmit without a control operator to ensure proper operation and adherence to regulations.


T1E02 [97.301, 97.207(c)]
Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?

A. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator
B. A General class or higher licensee with a satellite operator certification
C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member
D. Any amateur allowed to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency

The correct answer is D. Any amateur allowed to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency. This allows a broader range of amateur radio operators to communicate through amateur satellites or space stations.


T1E03 [97.103(b)]Who must designate the station control operator?
A. The station licensee
B. The FCC
C. The frequency coordinator
D. Any licensed operator

The correct answer is A. The station licensee must designate the station control operator in accordance with FCC regulations for amateur radio operation.


T1E04 [97.103(b)]
What determines the transmitting frequency privileges of an amateur station?

A. The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinator
B. The frequencies printed on the license grant
C. The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premises
D. The class of operator license held by the control operator

The correct answer is D. The class of operator license held by the control operator determines the transmitting frequency privileges of an amateur station.


T1E05 [97.3(a)(14)]
What is an amateur station’s control point?

A. The location of the station’s transmitting antenna
B. The location of the station’s transmitting apparatus
C. The location at which the control operator function is performed
D. The mailing address of the station licensee

The correct answer is C. The location at which the control operator function is performed is considered an amateur station’s control point as defined in FCC regulations.


T1E06 [97.301]
When, under normal circumstances, may a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an Amateur Extra Class band segment?

A. At no time
B. When designated as the control operator by an Amateur Extra Class licensee
C. As part of a multi-operator contest team
D. When using a club station whose trustee holds an Amateur Extra Class license

The correct answer is A. At no time can a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an Amateur Extra Class band segment under normal circumstances.


T1E07 [97.103(a)]
When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station?

A. All licensed amateurs who are present at the operation
B. Only the station licensee
C. Only the control operator
D. The control operator and the station licensee

The correct answer is D. The control operator and the station licensee are both responsible for the proper operation of the station when the control operator is not the station licensee.


T1E08 [97.3(a)(6), 97.205(d)]
Which of the following is an example of automatic control?

A. Repeater operation
B. Controlling a station over the internet
C. Using a computer or other device to send CW automatically
D. Using a computer or other device to identify automatically

The correct answer is A. Repeater operation is an example of automatic control in amateur radio operations.


T1E09 [97.109(c)]
Which of the following are required for remote control operation?

A. The control operator must be at the control point
B. A control operator is required at all times
C. The control operator must indirectly manipulate the controls
D. All these choices are correct

The correct answer is D. All these choices are correct for remote control operation in amateur radio.


T1E10 [97.3(a)(39)]
Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97?

A. Repeater operation
B. Operating the station over the internet
C. Controlling a model aircraft, boat, or car by amateur radio
D. All these choices are correct

The correct answer is B. Operating the station over the internet is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97 of amateur radio regulations.


T1E11 [97.103(a)]
Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records?

A. The station custodian
B. The third party participant
C. The person operating the station equipment
D. The station licensee

The FCC presumes D. The station licensee to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records.

SUBELEMENT T1 – COMMISSION’S RULES – COMMISSION’S RULES – [6 Exam Questions – 6 Groups] 67 Questions

T1F – Station identification; Repeaters; Third party communications; Club stations; FCC inspection


T1F01 [97.103(c)]
When must the station and its records be available for FCC inspection?

A. At any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspection
B. At any time upon request by an FCC representative
C. At any time after written notification by the FCC of such inspection
D. Only when presented with a valid warrant by an FCC official or government agent

The correct answer to the question “When must the station and its records be available for FCC inspection?” according to T1F01 (B) [97.103(c)] is:

  • B. At any time upon request by an FCC representative

T1F02 [97.119 (a)]How often must you identify with your FCC-assigned call sign when using tactical call signs such as “Race Headquarters”?
A. Never, the tactical call is sufficient
B. Once during every hour
C. At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication
D. At the end of every transmission

The correct answer to the question “How often must you identify with your FCC-assigned call sign when using tactical call signs such as “Race Headquarters”?” according to T1F02 (C) [97.119 (a)] is:

  • C. At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication

T1F03 [97.119(a)]
When are you required to transmit your assigned call sign?

A. At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafter
B. At least once during each transmission
C. At least every 15 minutes during and at the end of a communication
D. At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication

The correct answer to the question “When are you required to transmit your assigned call sign?” according to T1F03 (D) [97.119(a)] is:

  • D. At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication

T1F04 [97.119(b)(2)]
What language may you use for identification when operating in a phone sub-band?

A. Any language recognized by the United Nations
B. Any language recognized by the ITU
C. English
D. English, French, or Spanish

The correct answer to the question “What language may you use for identification when operating in a phone sub-band?” according to T1F04 (C) [97.119(b)(2)] is:


T1F05 [97.119(b)(2)]
What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?

A. Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPT
B. Send the call sign using a CW or phone emission
C. Send the call sign followed by the indicator R
D. Send the call sign using only a phone emission

The correct answer to the question “What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?” according to T1F05 (B) [97.119(b)(2)] is:

  • B. Send the call sign using a CW or phone emission

T1F06 [97.119(c)]
Which of the following self-assigned indicators are acceptable when using a phone transmission?

A. KL7CC stroke W3
B. KL7CC slant W3
C. KL7CC slash W3
D. All these choices are correct

The correct answer to the question “Which of the following self-assigned indicators are acceptable when using a phone transmission?” according to T1F06 (D) [97.119(c)] is:

  • D. All these choices are correct

T1F07 [97.115(a)(2)]
Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a licensed amateur operator?

A. The person must be a U.S. citizen
B. The foreign station must be in a country with which the U.S. has a third party agreement
C. The licensed control operator must do the station identification
D. All these choices are correct

The correct answer to the question “Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a licensed amateur operator?” according to T1F07 (B) [97.115(a)(2)] is:

  • B. The foreign station must be in a country with which the U.S. has a third party agreement

T1F08 [97.3(a)(47)]
What is the definition of third party communications?

A. A message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person
B. Amateur radio communications where three stations are in communications with one another
C. Operation when the transmitting equipment is licensed to a person other than the control operator
D. Temporary authorization for an unlicensed person to transmit on the amateur bands for technical experiments

The definition of third party communications according to T1F08 (A) [97.3(a)(47)] is:

  • A. A message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person

T1F09 (C) [97.3(a)(40)]
What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?

A. Beacon station
B. Earth station
C. Repeater station

The type of amateur station that simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels, according to T1F09 (C) [97.3(a)(40)], is:

  • C. Repeater station

T1F10 [97.205(g)]
Who is accountable if a repeater inadvertently retransmits communications that violate the FCC rules?

A. The control operator of the originating station
B. The control operator of the repeater
C. The owner of the repeater
D. Both the originating station and the repeater owner

In the scenario where a repeater inadvertently retransmits communications that violate FCC rules, according to T1F10 (A) [97.205(g)], the accountability lies with:

  • A. The control operator of the originating station

T1F11 [97.5(b)(2)]
Which of the following is a requirement for the issuance of a club station license grant?

A. The trustee must have an Amateur Extra Class operator license grant
B. The club must have at least four members
C. The club must be registered with the American Radio Relay League
D. All these choices are correct

In order to obtain a club station license grant, as per T1F11 (B) [97.5(b)(2)], the requirement is:

  • B. The club must have at least four members
SUBELEMENT T2 – Safety – [3 Exam Questions – 3 Groups] 36 Questions

T2A – Station operation: choosing an operating frequency, calling another station, test transmissions; Band plans: calling frequencies, repeater offsets


T2A01

What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?

A. Plus or minus 5 MHz
B. Plus or minus 600 kHz
C. Plus or minus 500 kHz
D. Plus or minus 1 MHz

The correct answer for the T2A01 (B) In the 2-meter band, a common repeater frequency offset is Plus or minus 600 kHz.


T2A02

What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2 meter band?

A. 146.520 MHz
B. 145.000 MHz
C. 432.100 MHz
D. 446.000 MHz

 A. 146.520 MHz. The national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2 meter band is 146.520 MHz. This frequency is widely used by amateur radio operators for making initial contact before moving to another frequency for their conversation.


T2A03

What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band?

A. Plus or minus 5 MHz
B. Plus or minus 600 kHz
C. Plus or minus 500 kHz
D. Plus or minus 1 MHz

B. – A common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band is B. Plus or minus 600 kHz. This offset is frequently used to separate the repeater’s transmit frequency from its receive frequency to avoid interference between the two signals.



T2A04

What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station’s call sign?

A. Say “break, break,” then say the station’s call sign
B. Say the station’s call sign, then identify with your call sign
C. Say “CQ” three times, then the other station’s call sign
D. Wait for the station to call CQ, then answer

In amateur radio communication, an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station’s call sign is:

  • Say the station’s call sign, then identify with your call sign (B)

This is the standard practice to establish communication in a clear and concise manner on a repeater.


T2A05

How should you respond to a station calling CQ?

A. Transmit “CQ” followed by the other station’s call sign
B. Transmit your call sign followed by the other station’s call sign
C. Transmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign
D. Transmit a signal report followed by your call sign

When responding to a station calling CQ, you should C. Transmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign. This is the appropriate way to reply to a station calling CQ in amateur radio communication.


T2A06

Which of the following is required when making on-the-air test transmissions?

A. Identify the transmitting station
B. Conduct tests only between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. local time
C. Notify the FCC of the transmissions
D. All these choices are correct

When making on-the-air test transmissions in amateur radio, the following is required:

  • A. Identify the transmitting station: It is essential to identify the transmitting station when making test transmissions.
  • Conducting tests only between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. local time is not a requirement.
  • Notifying the FCC of the transmissions is not a standard practice for routine test transmissions.

Therefore, the correct answer is A. Identify the transmitting station.


T2A07

What is meant by “repeater offset”?

A. The difference between a repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies
B. The repeater has a time delay to prevent interference
C. The repeater station identification is done on a separate frequency
D. The number of simultaneous transmit frequencies used by a repeater

T2A07 (A)

What is meant by “repeater offset”?

A. The difference between a repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies

B. The repeater has a time delay to prevent interference

C. The repeater station identification is done on a separate frequency

D. The number of simultaneous transmit frequencies used by a repeater


T2A08

What is the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ”?

A. Call on the quarter hour
B. Test transmission, no reply expected
C. Only the called station should transmit
D. Calling any station

When referring to the procedural signal “CQ” in amateur radio communication, it means:

  • D. Calling any station: The procedural signal “CQ” is used to call any station or all stations. It is a general call for any station to respond.

The other options do not accurately represent the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ”:

  • A. Call on the quarter hour: This is not the meaning of “CQ.”
  • B. Test transmission, no reply expected: This is not the correct interpretation of “CQ.”
  • C. Only the called station should transmit: This is not the meaning of the procedural signal “CQ.”

Therefore, the correct answer is D. Calling any station.


T2A09

Which of the following indicates that a station is listening on a repeater and looking for a contact?

A. “CQ CQ” followed by the repeater’s call sign
B. The station’s call sign followed by the word “monitoring”
C. The repeater call sign followed by the station’s call sign
D. “QSY” followed by your call sign

When a station is listening on a repeater and looking for a contact, the indication used is:

  • B. The station’s call sign followed by the word “monitoring”: This is the common practice to indicate that a station is listening on a repeater and is looking for a contact. The station’s call sign followed by the word “monitoring” lets others know that the station is ready to receive calls.

The other options do not correctly indicate that a station is listening on a repeater and looking for a contact:

  • A. “CQ CQ” followed by the repeater’s call sign: This is more of a general call rather than indicating readiness to receive calls on a repeater.
  • C. The repeater call sign followed by the station’s call sign: This is not typically used to indicate that a station is listening on a repeater.
  • D. “QSY” followed by your call sign: This is a signal indicating a change in frequency rather than indicating readiness to make a contact on a repeater.

Therefore, the correct answer is B. The station’s call sign followed by the word “monitoring”.


T2A10

What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?

A. A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band
B. A list of operating schedules
C. A list of available net frequencies
D. A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage

Band Plan specifies how radio spectrum is used in different amateur radio bands beyond the privileges established by the FCC. It is a guideline to ensure efficient and harmonious use of the frequencies.

  • A. A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band: The band plan is a voluntary guideline that amateur radio operators follow for using different modes or activities within an amateur band. It helps in organizing and coordinating operations to avoid interference and promote efficient use of the spectrum.

The other options are not accurate definitions of a band plan:

  • B. A list of operating schedules: Band plans do not typically include operating schedules.
  • C. A list of available net frequencies: Band plans are more comprehensive than just a list of net frequencies.
  • D. A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage: Band plans are not limited to clubs and are generally followed by all operators in a region to regulate usage of the amateur radio bands.

Therefore, the correct answer is A. A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band.


T2A11

What term describes an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency?

A. Full duplex
B. Diplex
C. Simplex
D. Multiplex

An amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency is described as:

The other options do not describe an amateur station transmitting and receiving on the same frequency:

  • A. Full duplex: Refers to the simultaneous two-way communication where a station can transmit and receive at the same time on separate frequencies.
  • B. Diplex: Typically refers to combining two signals onto one transmission line or antenna.
  • D. Multiplex: Involves combining multiple signals for transmission over a single channel or medium, but it does not specifically refer to simultaneous transmit and receive on the same frequency in the context of amateur radio operation.

Therefore, the correct term is C. Simplex for an amateur station transmitting and receiving on the same frequency.


T2A12

What should you do before calling CQ?

A. Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency
B. Ask if the frequency is in use
C. Make sure you are authorized to use that frequency
D. All these choices are correct

Before calling CQ, you should:

  • D. All these choices are correct:
    • Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency: It is essential to listen before transmitting to avoid causing interference and ensure you are not interrupting an ongoing conversation.
    • Ask if the frequency is in use: Verifying if the frequency is available helps in preventing conflicts and respecting ongoing communications.
    • Make sure you are authorized to use that frequency: Ensuring you are licensed to operate on the frequency you intend to use is crucial for compliance with regulations and good amateur radio practice.

Therefore, all the choices provided are correct before calling CQ.

SUBELEMENT T2 – OPERATING PROCEDURES – [3 Exam Questions – 3 Groups] 36 Questions

T2B – VHF/UHF operating practices: FM repeater, simplex, reverse splits; Access tones: CTCSS, DTMF; DMR operation; Resolving operational problems; Q signal



T2B01

How is a VHF/UHF transceiver’s “reverse” function used?

A. To reduce power output
B. To increase power output
C. To listen on a repeater’s input frequency
D. To listen on a repeater’s output frequency

The “reverse” function on a VHF/UHF transceiver is used:

  • To listen on a repeater’s input frequency.

T2B02

What term describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?

A. Carrier squelch
B. Tone burst
C. DTMF
D. CTCSS

The correct description of a linked repeater network is:

A. A network of repeaters in which signals received by one repeater are transmitted by all the repeaters in the network

The correct answer is D.. The term that describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver is CTCSS (Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System).


T2B03

Which of the following describes a linked repeater network?

A. A network of repeaters in which signals received by one repeater are transmitted by all the repeaters in the network
B. A single repeater with more than one receiver
C. Multiple repeaters with the same control operator
D. A system of repeaters linked by APRS

The correct description of a linked repeater network is:

A. A network of repeaters in which signals received by one repeater are transmitted by all the repeaters in the network


T2B04

Which of the following could be the reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear?

A. Improper transceiver offset
B. You are using the wrong CTCSS tone
C. You are using the wrong DCS code
D. All these choices are correct

The reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear could be:

D. All these choices are correct


T2B05

What would cause your FM transmission audio to be distorted on voice peaks?

A. Your repeater offset is inverted
B. You need to talk louder
C. You are talking too loudly
D. Your transmit power is too high

The cause of your FM transmission audio being distorted on voice peaks is:

C. You are talking too loudly


T2B06

What type of signaling uses pairs of audio tones?

A. DTMF
B. CTCSS
C. GPRS
D. D-STAR

The type of signaling that uses pairs of audio tones is:

A. DTMF (Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency)


T2B07

How can you join a digital repeater’s “talkgroup”?

A. Register your radio with the local FCC office
B. Join the repeater owner’s club
C. Program your radio with the group’s ID or code
D. Sign your call after the courtesy tone

To join a digital repeater’s “talkgroup,” you can:

C. Program your radio with the group’s ID or code


T2B08

Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other?

A. The stations should negotiate continued use of the frequency
B. Both stations should choose another frequency to avoid conflict
C. Interference is inevitable, so no action is required
D. Use subaudible tones so both stations can share the frequency

When two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other, the following applies:

B. Both stations should choose another frequency to avoid conflict


T2B09

Why are simplex channels designated in the VHF/UHF band plans?

A. So stations within range of each other can communicate without tying up a repeater
B. For contest operation
C. For working DX only
D. So stations with simple transmitters can access the repeater without automated offset

Simplex channels are designated in the VHF/UHF band plans for the following reason:

A. So stations within range of each other can communicate without tying up a repeater


T2B10

Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations?

A. QRM
B. QRN
C. QTH
D. QSB

When you are receiving interference from other stations, the Q signal to indicate this is:

A. QRM


T2B11

Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?

A. QRU
B. QSY
C. QSL
D. QRZ

When you are changing frequency, the Q signal to indicate this is:

B. QSY


T2B12

What is the purpose of the color code used on DMR repeater systems?

A. Must match the repeater color code for access
B. Defines the frequency pair to use
C. Identifies the codec used
D. Defines the minimum signal level required for access

The purpose of the color code used on DMR repeater systems is to:

  • A. Must match the repeater color code for access

T2B13

What is the purpose of a squelch function?

A. Reduce a CW transmitter’s key clicks
B. Mute the receiver audio when a signal is not present
C. Eliminate parasitic oscillations in an RF amplifier
D. Reduce interference from impulse noise

The purpose of a squelch function is to:

  • B. Mute the receiver audio when a signal is not present
SUBELEMENT T2 – OPERATING PROCEDURES – [3 Exam Questions – 3 Groups] 36 Questions

T2C – Public service: emergency operations, applicability of FCC rules, RACES and ARES, net and traffic procedures, operating restrictions during emergencies, use of phonetics in message handling


T2C01 [97.103(a)]
When do FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station?

A. When operating a RACES station
B. When operating under special FEMA rules
C. When operating under special ARES rules
D. FCC rules always apply

The FCC rules do not apply to the operation of an amateur station when:



T2C02

Which of the following are typical duties of a Net Control Station?


A. Choose the regular net meeting time and frequency
B. Ensure that all stations checking into the net are properly licensed for operation on the net frequency
C. Call the net to order and direct communications between stations checking in
D. All these choices are correct

The typical duties of a Net Control Station (NCS) include:

  • Choose the regular net meeting time and frequency
  • Ensure that all stations checking into the net are properly licensed for operation on the net frequency
  • Call the net to order and direct communications between stations checking in

Therefore, All these choices are correct (D) when it comes to the duties of a Net Control Station.



T2C03

What technique is used to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly?


A. Send the words by voice and Morse code
B. Speak very loudly into the microphone
C. Spell the words using a standard phonetic alphabet
D. All these choices are correct

In amateur radio communication, the technique used to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly is:

Using a phonetic alphabet helps to clarify and ensure accurate reception of words, especially those that may be unfamiliar or easily misunderstood.




T2C04


What is RACES?


A. An emergency organization combining amateur radio and citizens band operators and frequencies
B. An international radio experimentation society
C. A radio contest held in a short period, sometimes called a “sprint”
D. An FCC part 97 amateur radio service for civil defense communications during national emergencies

RACES stands for “Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service.” It is defined as:

RACES is an emergency communication service that utilizes amateur radio operators and frequencies to provide communication support during times of emergency or disaster.



T2C05

What does the term “traffic” refer to in net operation?


A. Messages exchanged by net stations
B. The number of stations checking in and out of a net
C. Operation by mobile or portable stations
D. Requests to activate the net by a served agency

In traffic handling, a characteristic of good practice includes:

  • Passing messages exactly as received (A)

Therefore, the correct choice is not D, as the other options are not characteristics of good traffic handling.




T2C06


What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?


A. A group of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service
B. A group of licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of an emergency
C. A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergencies
D. A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service

The Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES) is defined as:

  • A group of licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service (A)

ARES is a volunteer group of licensed amateur radio operators who have registered their capabilities and equipment for emergency communication services in the public interest.



T2C07

Which of the following is standard practice when you participate in a net?


A. When first responding to the net control station, transmit your call sign, name, and address as in the FCC database
B. Record the time of each of your transmissions
C. Unless you are reporting an emergency, transmit only when directed by the net control station
D. All these choices are correct

Standard practices when participating in a net include:

  • Record the time of each of your transmissions (B)
  • Unless you are reporting an emergency, transmit only when directed by the net control station (C)

Therefore, the correct option is D. All these choices are correct as all the practices mentioned are standard when participating in a net.


T2C08

Which of the following is a characteristic of good traffic handling?


A. Passing messages exactly as received
B. Making decisions as to whether messages are worthy of relay or delivery
C. Ensuring that any newsworthy messages are relayed to the news media
D. All these choices are correct

In traffic handling, a characteristic of good practice includes:

  • Passing messages exactly as received (A)

Therefore, the correct choice is not D, as the other options are not characteristics of good traffic handling.


T2C09

Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?


A. No
B. Yes, but only when part of a FEMA emergency plan
C. Yes, but only when part of a RACES emergency plan
D. Yes, but only in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property

Standard practices when participating in a net include:

  • Record the time of each of your transmissions (B)
  • Unless you are reporting an emergency, transmit only when directed by the net control station (C)

Therefore, the correct option is D. All these choices are correct as all the practices mentioned are standard when participating in a net.


T2C10


What information is contained in the preamble of a formal traffic message?


A. The email address of the originating station
B. The address of the intended recipient
C. The telephone number of the addressee
D. Information needed to track the message

In the preamble of a formal traffic message, the following information is typically contained:

  • Information needed to track the message (D)

The preamble of a formal traffic message includes details that help in tracking and handling the message efficiently as it passes through the amateur radio traffic system.


T2C11


What is meant by “check” in a radiogram header?


A. The number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message
B. The call sign of the originating station
C. A list of stations that have relayed the message
D. A box on the message form that indicates that the message was received and/or relayed

In a radiogram header, the term “check” refers to:

  • The number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message (A)

The “check” in a radiogram header indicates the count of words or word equivalents in the message’s text portion, helping to verify the completeness of the transmitted message.

SUBELEMENT T3 – RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION – [3 Exam Questions – 3 Groups] 34 Questions

T3A – Radio wave characteristics: how a radio signal travels, fading, multipath, polarization, wavelength vs absorption; Antenna orientation


T3A01


Why do VHF signal strengths sometimes vary greatly when the antenna is moved only a few feet?


A. The signal path encounters different concentrations of water vapor
B. VHF ionospheric propagation is very sensitive to path length
C. Multipath propagation cancels or reinforces signals
D. All these choices are correct

T3A01 asks why VHF signal strengths sometimes vary greatly when the antenna is moved only a few feet. The correct answer is:

C. Multipath propagation cancels or reinforces signals

When the antenna is moved even a few feet, the signal can encounter different paths due to reflections from buildings, trees, or the ground. These multiple signal paths can interfere with each other, causing variations in signal strength at different locations. This phenomenon is known as multipath propagation, where signals can cancel each other out or reinforce each other, leading to varying signal strengths.


T3A02


What is the effect of vegetation on UHF and microwave signals?


A. Knife-edge diffraction
B. Absorption
C. Amplification
D. Polarization rotation

In the context of UHF and microwave signals, the effect of vegetation is:

B. Absorption

Vegetation can absorb UHF and microwave signals, reducing the signal strength and potentially impacting the quality of communication in these frequency bands.


T3A03


What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance CW and SSB contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?


A. Right-hand circular
B. Left-hand circular
C. Horizontal
D. Vertical

T3A03 discusses the antenna polarization typically used for long-distance CW and SSB contacts on the VHF and UHF bands. The correct answer is:

D. Vertical

For long-distance CW (Continuous Wave) and SSB (Single Sideband) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands, vertical antenna polarization is commonly used. This orientation helps maximize signal propagation efficiency for these types of communications.



T3A04 (B)


What happens when antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?


A. The modulation sidebands might become inverted
B. Received signal strength is reduced
C. Signals have an echo effect
D. Nothing significant will happen

In question T3A04, when antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization, the correct answer is:

B. Received signal strength is reduced

Mismatched polarizations between transmitting and receiving antennas can lead to a reduction in received signal strength due to polarization losses, thereby affecting the quality and reliability of the communication link.



T3A05


When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to communicate with a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path?


A. Change from vertical to horizontal polarization
B. Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater
C. Try the long path
D. Increase the antenna SWR

In question T3A05, if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path when using a directional antenna to communicate with a distant repeater, the following approach can be used:

B. Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater

By locating a path that allows signals to reflect off surfaces towards the repeater, you can establish communication even when the direct line of sight is obstructed by buildings or other obstacles. This technique helps overcome physical barriers that would otherwise block the signal transmission.



T3A06


What is the meaning of the term “picket fencing”?


A. Alternating transmissions during a net operation
B. Rapid flutter on mobile signals due to multipath propagation
C. A type of ground system used with vertical antennas
D. Local vs long-distance communications

In question T3A06, the term “picket fencing” refers to:

B. Rapid flutter on mobile signals due to multipath propagation

This phenomenon is commonly observed in mobile communications where signals experience rapid variations in strength caused by multipath reflections off surrounding objects, leading to a “picket fence” effect on the received signal.



T3A07


What weather condition might decrease range at microwave frequencies?


A. High winds
B. Low barometric pressure
C. Precipitation
D. Colder temperatures

In question T3A07, the weather condition that might decrease range at microwave frequencies is:

C. Precipitation

Precipitation, such as rain, snow, or sleet, can attenuate microwave signals and decrease their range due to absorption and scattering of the signal by water droplets in the atmosphere.


T3A08


What is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals propagated by the ionosphere?


A. Frequency shift due to Faraday rotation
B. Interference from thunderstorms
C. Intermodulation distortion
D. Random combining of signals arriving via different paths

In question T3A08, a likely cause of irregular fading of signals propagated by the ionosphere is:

D. Random combining of signals arriving via different paths

Irregular fading of signals from the ionosphere can occur due to the random combining of signals arriving via different paths, leading to variations in signal strength and quality.


T3A09


Which of the following results from the fact that signals propagated by the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?


A. Digital modes are unusable
B. Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception
C. FM voice is unusable
D. Both the transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same polarization

In question T3A09, the result from the fact that signals propagated by the ionosphere are elliptically polarized is:

B. Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception

Signals propagated by the ionosphere being elliptically polarized allows for flexibility in using either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas for both transmission and reception.


T3A10

What effect does multi-path propagation have on data transmissions?


A. Transmission rates must be increased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed
B. Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed
C. No significant changes will occur if the signals are transmitted using FM
D. Error rates are likely to increase

In question T3A10, the effect multi-path propagation has on data transmissions is:

D. Error rates are likely to increase

Multi-path propagation can lead to the reception of multiple versions of the same signal at slightly different times, causing them to interfere with each other. This interference can result in errors in the received data, leading to an increase in error rates.



T3A11

Which region of the atmosphere can refract or bend HF and VHF radio waves?


A. The stratosphere
B. The troposphere
C. The ionosphere
D. The mesosphere

In the context of radio wave propagation, the region of the atmosphere that can refract or bend HF and VHF radio waves is:

C. The ionosphere

The ionosphere is a region of the Earth‘s atmosphere that contains ionized particles and can refract or bend radio waves, allowing for long-distance communication via HF and VHF frequencies.



T3A12


What is the effect of fog and rain on signals in the 10 meter and 6 meter bands?


A. Absorption
B. There is little effect
C. Deflection
D. Range increase

In the context of how fog and rain affect signals in the 10 meter and 6 meter bands:

A. Absorption

Fog and rain can cause absorption of radio signals in these bands, leading to weaker signal strength and potentially affecting communication quality.

SUBELEMENT T3 – RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION – [3 Exam Questions – 3 Groups] 34 Questions

T3A – Radio wave characteristics: how a radio signal travels, fading, multipath, polarization, wavelength vs absorption; Antenna orientation